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What are Nucleic Acids? Nucleic acids are a group of biomolecules present only in the cell’s nucleus. These nucleic acids are long polymers made of monomeric units called nucleotides: C (cytosine), A (adenine), G (guanine), T (thymine), and U (uracil). There are two types of nucleic acids within the cells: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Both of them have vital functions within the cells. The DNA molecule is made of two strands of nucleotides (C, A, G, T) polymer chains coiled together into a double-helix pattern. The double helix is stabilized by the hydrogen bonds that forms between the nucleotides bases, as determined by their chemical affinity: adenine with thymine and cytosine with guanine. The DNA is the biological molecule that stores all the genetic information of the cell (in some viruses RNA may function as the molecule that stores the genetic information).
Everything that the cells has to do, at what time in its life cycle, and how it has to do it is determined by the information contained in the DNA molecule. In addition, DNA functions as the molecule that carries on the genetic information from parent to offspring. RNA is made when the complex biochemical decodification machinery of the cell acts on the DNA to extract the information needed for a particular function. RNA is a key factor for protein synthesis. RNA is responsible for transferring the information contained in the DNA to make a particular protein needed in a specific process for a specific function. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the nucleic acid that brings information (from the nucleus to the cytoplasm) about which protein to make, and transfer RNA (tRNA) is responsible for transporting aminoacids to the ribosomes to make the required proteins.
There is also regulatory RNA, that is RNA molecules capable of regulating gene expression by different mechanisms such as interference or blocking. When an error occurs in any of the steps involved in expressing the genetic information contained in DNA a genetic disease may occur. Understanding how nucleic acids store and deliver genetic information within the cells is necessary to understand diseases and to devise strategies for disease treatment. Many genetic diseases cannot be cured at the moment, but recognizing the importance of nucleic acids in these diseases may be the key that eventually unlocks a cure. Voet & Voet. (2007). Biochemistry. J. Wiley & Sons. Bloomfield, V.A., Crothers, D.M., Tinoco, I. (2000). Nucleic acids: structures, properties, and functions.
My children and I were poor, but in ways I always recognized, we were protected. You aren’t living in the real world yet. I wish I’d had all that support when you and your brother were kids. Travel money to take your children to conferences with you? Medical and dental insurance for you and the kids that isn’t coming out of your paycheck? I understood. When my brother and I were younger, my mother struggled to pay the insane amount due for childcare while working full-time. She made too little to cover the bills but too much to receive day-care assistance or dental insurance.
After my daughter arrived during my second year, I was amazed to find out that the university offered a day-care subsidy that would pay for some of her childcare. 1,200 per month to ensure that my daughter was somewhere clean, safe and nurturing. I remember dropping her off at the only place I could afford before receiving the subsidy and racing to pick her up after my classes ended. Although the subsidy didn’t cover everything, it made better childcare affordable and gave me peace of mind. After enrolling her in a wonderful day care, I was able to return to my course work and research because my baby was safe. In many ways, I am privileged as a student parent.
My institution provides resources that other universities don’t offer. My department is accommodating, and my adviser has always supported my efforts to set up healthy boundaries for myself and my children. I am not asked to work beyond childcare hours. And I have not been excluded from professional development opportunities because of negative assumptions about my commitment to scholarship and research. All three of my children have attended lab meetings and department talks, and I was able to take time off after the birth of my younger two. There are new initiatives to better support student parents -- focused on time management, financial support and family-friendly activities.
The university offers subsidized emergency childcare, which I have used a few times when the kids were unexpectedly sick and I couldn’t cancel a meeting or miss a class. Yet another side of being a graduate school parent that was directly related to my status as a lower-income black mother often made me feel alone. Given my need for space, I have never been able to afford to live near campus -- a problem that expanded with my little family. In one of my early apartments, a neighbor had a roach infestation that spread to the entire building. I was pregnant and petitioned for early lease termination, but I felt too ashamed to ask my colleagues for help with the move. 600 short on rent and childcare each month.
I sought out emergency funding from the Center for the Education of Women, and after reviewing my financial needs, a counselor informed me that I was approved for the funds and would receive them in three to five business days. I broke down in happy tears -- a startling personal response that showed me how worried I’d been about the situation. There were many small moments like these during my graduate program -- challenging life situations related to motherhood that were mitigated by my relatively privileged student status. But I kept those moments to myself because they revealed my issues with living in poverty. This is one of the troubling artifices about institutions of higher education for individuals who come from underrepresented communities, whether that student is lower income, racially minoritized or first generation. Universities have a long history of distancing themselves from the realities of marginalized local communities.
And as they admit students from diverse communities onto their campuses, the disjuncture between our treatment on campus and in broader society becomes glaringly apparent. As a student parent at the university, I was regarded as a smart and capable person who contributed positively to my research labs and had three cute (and rambunctious) children who sometimes accompanied me to work functions. I was respected. I was appreciated. Yet outside the institution, I was often treated with the negative biases commonly directed at poor and single black mothers in American society. I was judged. I was criminalized. I was belittled. This double-edged reality encouraged me to think about the complicated situation of student parents who may have similar access to institutional support but varying levels of social capital and cultural privilege outside the university setting.
I have volunteered on parent steering committees and talked on panels about the pressing issues that the university can address. But the more intimate details of parenting during graduate school always felt too dirty, too needy or too taboo to discuss. Becoming a mother defined my graduate school journey and, in many ways, made me a more daring, devoted and compassionate scholar. Part of this wall may have been self-imposed, since my colleagues and advisers have always been supportive. But I think my narrative also illuminates the need to focus on the distinct backgrounds and social conditions of the parents that the university aims to serve.
My status as a graduate student in a fully-funded Ph.D. I was presenting my research on identity and discrimination at national conferences while simultaneously battling the "food stamp lady" because our benefits had been erroneously cut off. How might the university do more to help parents like me -- those who step off the campus and must contend with the marginalization of their socioeconomic status within a dehumanizing society? I have never felt ostracized on my campus or in my department as a student parent. But I have felt the need to shed the realities that accompany being a lower-income, black mother off the campus because they do not fit neatly into the narrative of academe.
The Earth consists of many layers ranging from the mantle to the atmosphere, and all of it works together perfectly. The lithosphere is actually the thin, solid layer of the Earth, which comprises the crust and upper mantle. In other words, the lithosphere is made up of solid rock, which is the Earth’s outer surface, and magma, the hot liquid center of the Earth. The crust is made up of three different types of rock, igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. Igneous rock is created after fissures or cracks open up in the Earth, or a volcano erupts releasing magma. Magma is superheated rock in liquid form, and when it erupts out of a volcano, it is known as lava.
The constant eroding from weathering agents like wind, water and ice creates sedimentary rocks. Smaller pieces of rock break off from larger pieces and turn into sand, pebbles, gravel and clay. These little pieces of rock may travel down streams or rivers before settling into place and forming into solid pieces of sedimentary rock. This process takes many years. Some 70% of rocks on Earth are sedimentary. Rock that changes form due to the extreme heat, pressure and chemical reactions found in the Earth’s core are called metamorphic rock. The change takes place starting at 7.4 miles to 9.94 miles beneath the surface, at a temperature of 212 degrees Fahrenheit to 1,472 degrees Fahrenheit.
Any type of rock that changes to another form is called metamorphic rock. Magma makes up a very important part of the lithosphere. In fact, magma is responsible for the renewal of the Earth’s surface and its appearance over time. With the constant changing of rocks and new lava flows forming land, the Earth refreshes itself almost on a daily basis. There are some interesting facts about the lithosphere, including how much it is responsible for Earth’s changes; in fact, the Earth wouldn’t change at all if it weren’t for it. When volcanoes erupt, they may leave devastation behind but over the long term, new plant life will emerge - even those never before seen.
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